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Prior to the Connor study, the oldest XPS sample in the three reports was 25 years in service, and the oldest EPS sample was 15 years in service. The total number of combined data points for XPS and EPS was 18 and 7, respectively. The Connor study provided additional data for EPS and XPS insulation, especially at a longer service life, allowing for an updated comparative assessment over a similar range of years in service.
Earlier Studies
The Esch study [2] previously looked at 14.7 lane-miles of roadways and 9,750 feet of airfield runway constructed by the Alaska Department of Highways to control frost heaving and permafrost thawing. Insulation materials were installed below grade in these applications in the late 1960's and extracted around 1984 for subsequent evaluation. The EPS samples were 3 and 15 years old; and the XPS samples were 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years old.
The Pouliot and Savard study [3] later evaluated an experimental test roadway section approximately 385 meters long in Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens, Quebec (south of Quebec City) to compare the performance of uninsulated and insulated roadway sections using XPS and EPS. The roadway was constructed in 1995 and the XPS and EPS materials were extracted after 1, 3, 5 and 7 years in service.
Existing Thickness Ratios
A typical expression of a polystyrene insulation comparative assessment is in terms of a thickness ratio. The recommended EPS insulation thickness is obtained by multiplying the required XPS thickness by an EPS/XPS thickness ratio. For example, if the engineering design requires four inches of XPS and the recommended thickness ratio is 1.5 then the engineering specification should require an EPS thickness of 1.5 times four inches. Six inches of EPS would be required as an alternative to the four-inch XPS design specification. In the 1986 Esch Study, the recommended thickness ratio was 1.36. In the 2003 Pouliot and Savard study, the recommended thickness ratio was 1.20. In contrast, the Connor study suggests the thickness of EPS be increased to 1.5 to 2.0 times the thickness of XPS. An EPS/XPS thickness ratio typically is derived from existing design documents such as ASCE 32. For insulation installed in the horizontal orientation, the ASCE 32 standard for frost protected shallow foundations [8] and the International Residential Code [9] recommend a thickness ratio of 1.43 for Type IX EPS with R-2.8 design Rvalue compared to Type IV XPS with R-4.0 design R-value for horizontal placement of frost protected shallow foundation applications. These insulation Types have similar densities in ASTM C578. This calculated thickness ratio of 1.43 is based on an extensive literature review [10]. The thickness ratio of 1.43 as prescribed by ASCE 32 accounts for the uncertainty in the efficacy of foundation drainage measures and the possibility of more severe ground conditions occurring. Along with the two earlier studies, the Connor study further informs these prescribed thickness ratios. The severity of ground conditions varies from site to site and is exacerbated with years in service.
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